Kodi Istanbul ndi yayikulu bwanji? Pokhala ndi malo ochulukirapo opitilira 5,461 masikweya kilomita komanso anthu opitilira 15 miliyoni, Istanbul imapereka chithunzithunzi chapadera cha kukula kwake komanso zovuta zamatawuni ake. Tikaganizira za kukula kwa Istanbul, kukula kwake kumatsimikizira kuti mzindawu uli ndi mbiri yakale, zachuma, komanso chikhalidwe.
Istanbul Ndi Yaikulu Motani: Kukula kwa Geographical
Istanbul, yomwe ili ndi malo ochititsa chidwi a 5,461 masikweya kilomita, si mzinda chabe; ndi nsalu yochititsa chidwi yolukidwa m'makontinenti awiri—Europe ndi Asia. Malo apaderawa akupangitsa kuti mzindawu ukhale wodabwitsa, chifukwa umadutsa mumtsinje wa Bosphorus, womwe ndi njira yofunika kwambiri panyanja yomwe yathandizira kwambiri malonda ndi kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe pakati pa kummawa ndi kumadzulo. Bosphorus sikuti imangowonjezera momwe Istanbul imagwirira ntchito komanso imathandizira pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapatsa mbiri yakale.
Kapangidwe kamatauni kumasonyeza kusakanikirana kwamakono ndi mbiri yakale, ndi madera oyandikana nawo akuwonetsa masitayelo amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira ku Byzantine ndi Ottoman mpaka zomangamanga zamakono. Malo odzaza anthu ambiri, makamaka Grand Bazaar, kusonyeza cholowa chosatha cha mzindawu monga likulu la zamalonda. Misewu yodzaza ndi moyo, yodzaza ndi phokoso la amalonda, kununkhira kwa chakudya cham'misewu ndi mitundu yowoneka bwino ya zaluso zam'deralo, zomwe zikuwonetsa chikhalidwe chapadera.
Monga mzinda wodziwika ndi zachilengedwe, Istanbul imakumbidwa ndi magombe a Nyanja ya Marmara ndi Black Sea, osapanga malingaliro opatsa chidwi komanso mwayi woyenda bwino komanso wamalonda. The Nyanga Yagolide, malo amene amagaŵa chigawo cha ku Ulaya cha Istanbul, ali ndi doko lachilengedwe limene lakopa amalonda, amalinyero, ndi ofufuza malo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Maonekedwe a mzindawu, ndi mapiri ake otsetsereka, amapangitsa malo ambiri owoneka ngati malo owoneka bwino, monga Hagia Sophia ndi Nyumba yachifumu ya Topkapi, imakhala ngati umboni wa mbiri yakale ya Istanbul.
Kukula kwa Istanbul, komwe kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mbiri yake, malonda, ndi chikhalidwe chake, kumatsimikizira kukopa komanso kufunikira kwa mzindawu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale nkhani yosangalatsa kwa anthu okhalamo komanso alendo.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa Anthu ndi Zikhalidwe
Istanbul, mzinda womwe uli ndi chikhalidwe chodabwitsa, uli ndi anthu opitilira 15 miliyoni. Mzinda wokongolawu umakhala pachimake pamitundu yosiyanasiyana Kugawa kwa anthu kukuwonetsa kukula kwa IstEanbul m'makontinenti ake awiri. mafuko, zilankhulo, ndi miyambo, zomwe zimathandizira kuzindikirika kwake. Pafupifupi 64.9% ya okhala ku Istanbul amakhala mbali yaku Europe, pomwe 35.1% amakhala ku Asia, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chikhale chofanana ndi madera ake.
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1950, Istanbul yakhala ikukumana ndi kusamuka kwakukulu, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi anthu omwe akufunafuna mwayi wabwino wazachuma, chiyembekezo chamaphunziro, komanso moyo wamatauni. Kuchulukana kumeneku kwachititsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ikhale pamodzi, kuphatikizapo anthu a ku Turkey, Akurds, Aluya, Aarmeniya, Agiriki, ndi ena ambiri, ndipo aliyense akuwonjezera kakomedwe kake ka chikhalidwe cha mzindawu. Kusamuka sikunangowonjezera chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Istanbul komanso kwapangitsa kuti madera oyandikana nawo akondwerere zolowa za anthu okhalamo, monga Balat ndi Taksim, komwe nyumba zachikhalidwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi malo odyera amakono komanso malo odyera amakono. nyumba zaluso.
Mipata yazachuma ikupitilira kukopa anthu ochokera kudera lonse la Turkey ndi kupitirira apo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azisintha mosalekeza mbiri ya anthu a mzindawo. Mphika wosungunukawu umapezeka m'misika yosangalatsa, zakudya zosiyanasiyana zophikira, komanso zikondwerero zachikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakondweretsedwa chaka chonse, zomwe zikuwonetsa zambiri zomwe zimakhudza anthu aku Turkey.
Zotsatira zake, Istanbul imayimira ngati chiwonetsero cha chikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, kumene miyambo yakale ikukumana ndi zamakono. Kuvuta kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu ake sikumangosonyeza mbiri ya mzindawu komanso kutsindika zovuta ndi kuthekera komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwachangu kwa mizinda. Kuphatikizika kwa zikhalidwe izi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chisangalalo chomwe chimasintha nthawi zonse, ndikupangitsa Istanbul kukhala wofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zikhalidwe izi zikuwonetseranso kukula kwa Istanbul kupitirira malire ake.
Kukula Kwa Mizinda ndi Kuthekera Kwamtsogolo
Kusintha kwa Istanbul pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi sikodabwitsa, komwe kumadziwika ndi kukwera kodabwitsa kwamatauni. Pakati pa 1950 ndi 2000, chiwerengero cha anthu mumzindawu chinawonjezeka kuwirikiza kakhumi, kuchoka pa anthu pafupifupi 1.3 miliyoni kufika pa anthu oposa 10 miliyoni. Kukula kwamatauni kofulumiraku kukuwonetsa momwe dziko la Turkey likukulirakulira pazachuma, pomwe anthu osawerengeka adasamukira mumzindawu kukafunafuna mipata yabwino pakati pazachuma komanso zamakono. Komabe, kukwera kwa chiwerengerochi kwadzetsa zovuta zazikulu ndipo zapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu pakukonzekera matawuni ndi zomangamanga. Chotero Kusintha kwa anthu kukuwonetsa kukula kwa Istanbul kutengera, mu kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso chikoka.
Pamene dera la metropolitan likufalikira kunja, zotsatira za nyumba zimakhala zazikulu. Kufunika kwa malo okhala kwachulukirachulukira, zomwe zapangitsa kuti malo okhala anthu ambiri achuluke, omwe amadziwikanso kuti gecekondus, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda ntchito zofunika zomwe anthu oyandikana nawo amakhala nawo. Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwa malamulo amphamvu a nyumba ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale malo okwanira, otsika mtengo, komanso ophatikiza anthu omwe akuchulukirachulukira.
Komanso, kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa anthu okhalamo kwagogomezera zomwe zilipo kale. Njira zoyendera makamaka zasokonekera, chifukwa misewu ndi yodzaza ndi anthu ambiri omwe amavutikira kukwaniritsa zofuna za mamiliyoni. Pozindikira zopinga izi, okonza mizinda ndi opanga mfundo akufufuza njira zatsopano, monga kukulitsa zamagalimoto zosankha zokhala ndi mizere yatsopano ya metro ndikuwongolera kulumikizana pakati pa mbali zaku Asia ndi Europe za mzindawo.
Mawuwo
Kukula kwakukulu kwa Istanbul komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu zikuwonetsa udindo wake ngati nkhokwe yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso chikhalidwe chosungunuka. Ndi malo ake ozungulira makontinenti awiri komanso mbiri yakale, ndandanda yanthawi yamzindawu ikuwonetsa kukula kosalekeza ndi kusinthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kafukufuku wochititsa chidwi wamatauni. kufufuza ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kafukufuku. Kumvetsetsa kukula kwa Istanbul kumathandizira kuyamikira kukula kwa mzindawo ndi zovuta ndi mwayi umene umabwera ndi kukula kwake.
Tikaganizira kukula kwa Istanbul, ndizodabwitsa kuwona kuyanjana pakati pa kukula kwake, kuya kwake kwa mbiri yakale komanso kusinthasintha kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.